When tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 4 (TNFSF4; OX40L) binds to its receptor (OX40), it can also provide a signal to promote T-cell activation, and studies have shown that OX40L can stimulate T-cell response and promote the pathogenesis of SLE (14). This evidence concerns the gene TNFSF4 and systemic lupus erythematosus.