In addition, elevated adenosine upregulates CD73 on cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) via A2BR-mediated pathway, thereby inciting the adenosine-A2BR-CD73 feedforward circuitry, which further augments immunosuppression by activating the non-redundant adenosine-A2AR pathway in immune cells to inhibit immune activation (102). This evidence concerns the gene NT5E and cancer.