In this study, we developed an anti-TGF-β1 RNA aptamer, APT-β1, and examined its effect on a xenograft cancer model using non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, in which TGF-β has a significant impact on progression in preclinical and/or clinical studies.28 The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.