Given that TGF-β1 is closely involved in metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy, further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of TGF-β1-specific inhibition on various deteriorating events of NSCLC or other cancers using different animal models to examine involvement of immune system, such as syngeneic model, rescue experiments with agonists, and negative control sequence for more convincing study. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.