TGFB1 and cancer: Recently, it has been reported that anti-cancer effects of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) blockade therapy were enhanced by the selective inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling using antibodies, such as anti-GARP:TGF-β1 (ABBV-151) and anti-latent TGF-β1 (SRK-181) antibodies.24, 25, 26 Regarding other aptamer approaches targeting TGF-β receptors,48,49 isolated aptamers so far appeared yet to be optimized, and hence, no in vivo evaluation was carried out, thereby making it difficult to deeply discuss its therapeutic effects at present.