The xenograft model was constructed with PC3 cell, which is not prostate cancer cells but a human NSCLC cell line (details in Materials and methods), and PC9 cells, both of which carry different types of oncogenic mutation in exon19 of the EGFR gene41,42 and are closely associated with TGF-β signaling for its progression.28 Here, TGFB1 is linked to prostate cancer.