TH and Parkinson disease: Another mechanism for the anti-PD effect of sinomenine may be related to the inhibition of neuroinflammation, because pre-incubation with sinomenine (10−6, 10−5, 10−14, 10−13 M) can simultaneously prevent the LPS-induced decrease in the ability of midbrain neuron-enriched cultures to take up dopamine and the LPS-induced decrease in TH-positive neurons in midbrain neuron-enriched cultures (Figure 4; Table 2) (Qian et al., 2007).