TNF and Cerebral ischemia: In animal models of cerebral ischemia, sinomenine can reduce nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain (ASC), cleaved caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-18 expression in ischemic hemispheric tissues in animals with MCAO (Qiu et al., 2016a) (Table 1).