MTOR and Parkinson disease: Administration of sinomenine can suppress the MPTP-induced decrease in Beclin-1 and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, as well as the MPTP-induced increase in p62 in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the mouse brain, by inhibiting the protein kinase B (Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling (Figure 4; Table 2) (Bao et al., 2022), suggesting that triggering autophagy may mediate the action of sinomenine against PD.