FOS and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Furthermore, they found that SCS treatment, which was effective at reducing cardiac arrhythmia, was accompanied by a reduction in c-Fos expression specifically in microglia and astrocytes and an increase in c-Fos expression in inhibitory interneurons in the deep dorsal laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (Howard-Quijano et al., 2021).