There was a significant increase in the number of astrocytes in the PD group compared with controls (p = 0.028) but no significant increase in GFAP-positive astrocytes in STN-DBS compared with controls (p = 0.127) and no difference between PD and DBS group (p = 1.000) (Figures 1A,B). This evidence concerns the gene GFAP and Parkinson disease.