TNF and atherosclerosis: Additionally, AGE-RAGE interaction in monocytes-macrophages increases the synthesis of the following mediators: interleukin-1 (Il-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), all of which play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (Komplikacija and Tipa, 2015).