FGFR1 and pancreatic adenocarcinoma: On the other hand, although some studies have indicated that FGF stimulation produces phosphorylation of E-cadherin and β-catenin on tyrosine residues, as well as increased E-cadherin localization to the cytoplasmic membrane and association with FGFR1 demonstrable by co-immunoprecipitation in the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines (BxPc3, T3M4 and HPAF), more direct interactions between hub genes need to be verified by co-immunoprecipitation or immunoblastic hybridization in our cellular models.