Perhaps the best evidence supporting RQC pathway involvement in viral infection came from studies of vaccinia virus protein synthesis during infection, where it was shown that viral infection enhanced ubiquitination of Rps20, an event catalyzed by ZNF598 during RQC of collided ribosomes, suggesting that RQC was activated during vaccinia virus infection (Sundaramoorthy et al., 2021). Here, ZNF598 is linked to viral infectious disease.