GDF15 and cancer: As a member of TGF-β superfamily, the growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) cytokine has an impact on the development of several metabolic disorders via plasmatic level regulation, including T2D (Kempf et al., 2012; Bao et al., 2019), cardiovascular diseases (Brown et al., 2002), obesity (Dostálová et al., 2009; Vila et al., 2011), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (Kempf et al., 2012), and various cancers (Brown et al., 2003; Koopmann et al., 2004).