ATXN3 and Huntington disease: Similarly, AKT-mediated phosphorylation reduces toxicity in models of HD and SBMA (Lin et al., 2001; Humbert et al., 2002; LaFevre-Bernt and Ellerby, 2003; Gauthier et al., 2004; Luo et al., 2005; Pardo et al., 2006; Schilling et al., 2006; Metzler et al., 2007, 2010; Colin et al., 2008; Gu et al., 2009; Thompson et al., 2009; Scaramuzzino et al., 2015; Todd et al., 2015) and can both enhance and reduce toxicity in SCA3 depending on the site of modification (Fei et al., 2007; Tao et al., 2008; Mueller et al., 2009; Matos et al., 2016).