PDX1 and fetal growth restriction: Interestingly, treatments of islets from a rat model of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) or from a “catch up growth” Wistar rat model with the GLP-1R agonists, Exendin 4 and Liraglutide, increase Pdx1 transcription by increasing H3 histone acetylation, increasing H3K4me3 levels and by reducing H3K9me2 levels in Pdx1 promoter (101, 102).