LCN2 and acute kidney injury: All mentioned above together with the fact that routine evaluation of biomarkers for tubular damage such as neutrophile gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM1), interleukin-18 (IL-18) are not available in all centers including our hospital, the use of GFR to evaluate acute kidney injury in patients after cardiac surgery is more timely than serum creatinine level (24).