TGFB1 and renal cell carcinoma: For example, TGF-β1 enhances the proliferation and metastatic potential of RCC cells by upregulating lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1/integrin αMβ2 (Liu and Shang, 2020), and MUC12 relies on TGF-β1 signaling to mediate the growth and invasion of renal cancer cells (Gao et al., 2020).