In addition, self-accelerating, inflammation-propagating and cancer-promoting events are taking place within cancer cells that can be triggered via various signaling pathways such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α- or -β-induced cascades that promote pro-inflammatory master transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) expression and its related gene end products, finally peaking in an tumor environment with improved vitality, proliferation, migration and invasion properties of cancer cells (8). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.