In summary, our observations based on transcriptomic sequencing and CDR3 tracking at the single cell level suggest a model for two distinct populations for the most abundant, clonally expanded T cells in the ccRCC microenvironment: 1) local antigen encounter and clonal expansion within the TME; and 2) CD8+ Teff cells trafficking from blood that may serve as a pool to replenish T cells in the TME (11). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.