IgG and a polar ionic tracer, rubidium-86 chloride, can also surpass the BSCB in ALS mice models.57 Downregulated Glut-1, CD146, and laminin are also prominent in ALS mice, signifying endothelial and basement membrane damage.58 Further evidence for vessel disruption in this mouse model includes degenerated ECs, astrocytes, extracellular edema, mitochondrial degeneration in ECs, and astrocyte end feet swelling surrounding NVU capillaries visualized through electron microscopy. This evidence concerns the gene SLC2A1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.