Enrichment of AHR signaling pathway, glutathione biosynthesis, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, superoxide radicals degradation, xenobiotic metabolism signaling following transcriptomic analysis in bro-ALI and/ or alv-ALI in our exposure experiments are consistent with the CC-smoke associated oxidative stress and inflammatory response43, 58. This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and acute respiratory distress syndrome.