Compared to adjacent normal tissue, we found cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) signature genes47 (FAP, FN1, LRRC15, THY1, and TGFBI) were increased in the tumor (Fig. 4h; Supplementary Fig. 6e) and associated with poor prognosis in two independent ccRCC cohorts (Fig. 4i). Here, THY1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.