SMAD4 and myeloid sarcoma: Specifically, in MS patients, decreased gene expressions of key proteins in the TGF-β signal pathway of naive CD4+ T cells, such as TGF-βRI, TGF-βRII, and drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic 4 (SMAD4), have been reported (84), and T cell lines in patients with stable MS produce more TGF-β than those in patients with active MS (85).