CSC-targeting therapies are currently being investigated to reverse chemoresistance, including chemotherapeutic and biological agents that target stemness pathways including Hedgehog, Notch, Hippo/YAP1, JAK/STAT, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways; cancer stem cell surface markers including CD24, CD44, CD54, CD71, CD90, CD133, ALDH, CXCR4, EpCAM, LGR5, Sox2, and Oct4; the CSC microenvironment; and others[62-64]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCR4 and cancer.