TNF and atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases show endothelial cell aging, and endothelial cells can secrete a series of inflammatory factors (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL- 8, RANTES, ICAM, VCAM), known as “aging inflammation,” which further aggravates endothelial injury (Montgolfier, 2019).