In the development of atherosclerosis, HMGB1 mediates the expression of proinflammatory mediators of endothelial cells during the initial stage of plaque formation, including TNF-α, IL-8, MCP-1, adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1), MIP-1α, and MIP-1β (Hebbel et al., 2020). Here, HMGB1 is linked to atherosclerosis.