IL23A and systemic lupus erythematosus: In addition, IL-23 levels have also been found to be significantly elevated in the serum of SLE patients in human studies, such as Milena et al. (Vukelic et al., 2020) who measured serum levels of IL-23 in 56 subjects meeting the ACR SLE criteria by ELISA and showed that IL-23 levels were positively correlated with overall SLE disease activity as measured by SLEDAI, suggesting that IL-23 serum levels may be a possible biomarker for detecting SLE prevalence.