AKT1 and colitis: In a recent study, miR-181b inhibited M1 macrophage polarization and facilitated M2 polarization in coronary artery disease.42 In addition, exosomal-miR-181b significantly enhanced M2 polarization and inhibited inflammation by suppressing PRKCD and activating p-AKT.43 In the present study, we found that miR-181b-5p administration inhibited M1 macrophage polarization and promoted M2 polarization in both acute and chronic colitis, which effectively relieved the symptoms of colitis (Figure 3 and Figure 6).