Individuals with treated or untreated HIV-1 infection also had increased frequencies of CD14 (13.2% ART HIV-1; 19.3%, Untreated HIV-1) and CD16 (5.5%, ART HIV-1; 7.2%, Untreated HIV-1) monocyte populations compared to the CD14 (11.5%) and CD16 (3.6%) monocyte populations in seronegative individuals (Fig. 1E). Here, CD14 is linked to HIV-1 infection.