PTGS2 and Alzheimer disease: Immune and inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), complement protein C3, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cyclooxygenase-2, and NF-κB1 have been found upregulated in animal models of AD or in brain or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from humans with AD [3, 4, 6].