Assessment of the relative fold-change of the seven upregulated genes in different T1DM complications showed a significant increase in expression of SPINK9 in T1DM complications compared to DWC, hyperlipidemia (5.28), neuropathy (3.79), ketoacidosis (5.20), hypothyroidism (3.79) and PCOS (5.20) (Table 4). Here, SPINK9 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.