TP53 and cancer: The Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) project classified GC based on gene expression data into four subtypes: microsatellite instable (MSI), microsatellite stable (MSS) or epithelial mesenchymal transition (MSS/EMT), MSS with TP53 intact (MSS/TP53+), and MSS with TP53 loss (MSS/TP53-), which were associated with distinct clinical outcomes23.