CTSB and neoplasm: The 969 downregulated GPs were mainly enriched processes involving endocytosis (P = 2.29E − 4) (including CHMP2A, CLTA, WASH1, SNX2, SNX6, etc.), lysosome (P = 3.37E − 3) (including CTSB, CTSC, GUSB, ATP6V0C, LAMP1, etc.), regulation of autophagy (P = 7.76E − 3) (including GABARAPL1, GABARAPL2, ATG5, ATG7, BECN1, etc.), and ribosome (P = 9.47E − 3) (including MRPL1, MRPL30, RPL17, MRPS11, RPLP1, etc.)(Fig. 7f and Supplementary Data 12), which potentiated CTSE’s promotion of tumor growth.