AIF1 and Alzheimer disease: Furthermore, we probed hypertrophic reactive astrocytes stained with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and activated microglia stained with ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule (Iba1) (Figure 3g), as the exacerbation of neuroinflammation is a well-established pathological sign of AD.22 Compared to the H group, both positive area fractions of GFAP and Iba1 in the cerebral cortex of PAP mice were obviously larger in the P group (Figure 3h).