Although preliminary work herein has demonstrated that human monocyte derived macrophages trained with IL-4 and IL-13 show a markedly enhanced secretion of TNFα in response to secondary stimulation with either irradiated Mtb (Figure 7) or PAM3CSK4 (Figure 7—figure supplement 1), the metabolic profile driving these responses remains to be investigated, as well as how this macrophage activation state would impact on the outcome of infection with virulent M. tuberculosis. The gene discussed is IL4; the disease is infection.