AGT and heart failure: Multiple clinical investigations of hospitalized patients have found that elderly patients (average age about 73 years) with heart failure and kidney-Yang deficiency have higher plasma AngII level, slightly lower left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS), and much lower left ventricular diastolic function (E/A ratio) than heart failure patients with non-kidney-Yang deficiency (2, 5, 134).