In addition, transcription factors such as nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1) and sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) are also involved in the regulation of the AMPK-PGC-1α-TFAM axis and, in myocardial infarction and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, a relationship between AMPK, PGC-1α, Sirt1, Nrf1, and TFAM was further established through the use of corresponding inhibitors and activators (Tian et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene NRF1 and myocardial infarction.