CD274 and neoplasm: The IFN-γ induced inflammatory cascade can summon immune-related cell types (35) as well as stimulate upregulation of tumor growth molecules [i.e, PD-L1 checkpoint molecule (36)] algogenic proteins that may impact tumor cell-neuron communication and evoke nociception (35), such as cathepsin (37), VEGF (38), and nitric oxide synthase (39).