ATF3 and neoplasm: Lastly, while Atf3 was expressed in the majority of sham (33/36 male, 36/36 female) and MOC2 tumor-bearing (33/36 male, 29/36 female, Figure 3D) mice, the relative expression was significantly greater in neurons from male tumor-bearing mice (p = 0.001) and female tumor-bearing mice (p = 0.034) compared to neurons from sex-matched PID14 sham (Figure 3J).