In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, nine significant mutations, including phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA), BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1), Teashirt homolog 3 (TSHZ3), histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D (MLL2), tumor protein P53 (TP53), receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3 (ERBB3), receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 (ERBB2), novel gene of the neuroblastoma RAS viral (NRAS), and Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) (as well as copy-number alterations in MAPKAPK2), were associated with neoantigen development and NPC risk [114]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPKAPK2 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.