Notably, even the Mn-free nanoassembly could elicit moderate immunostimulatory effects on immune cells, as we observed that the supernatant from BSA-Man-Ft@Lap-treated tumor cells caused a modest (5.52%) increase in DC maturation ratio (CD86/CD80) and slightly expanded CD8a+/IFN-γ+ and CD4/CD8 T cell populations (8 and 20%) compared to the control group, suggesting that the Lap-induced ICD of tumor cells could activate T cell-mediated immune response even without proper cGAS-STING stimulation (Supplementary Figs. 12–13). Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.