coli pks+ strains are thought to cause CRC through DNA damage and chromosomal instability; after repeated microinjection of pks+ strains, the unique mutational signature in a subset of the human CRC genome can be detected by whole-genome sequencing in E. coli intervened healthy human intestinal organoids, after up to 5 months of intervention.217 Interestingly, following a similar intervention, another strain, Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), was found to promote CRC through a nongenomic mechanism. Here, ARAF is linked to colorectal carcinoma.