Therefore, the increase in the levels of PGD2 under a chronic condition, such as in AD and measured in our studies, could be harder to detect than soon after brain injury such as that induced by traumatic brain injury (Kunz et al, 2002) or brain ischemia (Liu et al, 2013a, 2013b; Shaik et al, 2014). Here, HPGDS is linked to brain ischemia.