However, we observed a trend of decreased IL-10 and TGF-β levels in AV patients, as there was a 1.67 and 3.49 SMD decrease in IL-10 and TGF-β levels, respectively (Figure S2a, b), indicating a likely role of IL-10 and TGF-β in vitiligo progression. Here, TGFB1 is linked to vitiligo.