SPP1 and glioblastoma: To further confirm the role of TMSB10 in promoting macrophage migration and immunosuppressive transformation, we found that conditioned medium (CM) from TMSB10-overexpressing GBM cells significantly promoted THP-1-differentiated macrophage migration and significantly upregulated the protein expression of CD163 and SPP1, two well-known macrophage activation markers [24, 26–28], compared to that in the NC group, while knockdown of TMSB10 significantly inhibited these effects (Fig. 7D–G).