TNFAIP3 and colitis: We have previously shown that villin-TNFAIP3 mice exhibit invasion of the inner mucus layer of the colon, and that villin-TNFAIP3 × IL10−/− mice have early onset 100% penetrant colitis.26 This suggests that expression of TNFAIP3 in intestinal epithelial cells changes the cross-sectional biogeography of the microbiome, allowing colitogenic microbes to invade the inner mucus layer.