Multinucleated activated microglia or macrophages can be observed in the brain of patients with GLD and animal models from previous studies, especially the activation and proliferation of astrocytes and the proliferation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the demyelination area of the white matter, implying that immune and inflammatory reactions mediated by microglia and peripheral immune cells are involved in GLD pathogenesis (Kobayashi et al., 1986; Ransohoff and Brown, 2012). The gene discussed is GFAP; the disease is Krabbe disease.