The protective effects of remote ischemic conditioning and its associated STAT3 activation are through the vagosplenic axis (Lieder et al., 2018; Heusch, 2019; Liu S et al., 2021) Therefore, the difference in results may be that acute STAT three activation as in remote ischemic conditioning may be protective but chronic STAT3 activation as in sepsis may be deleterious. Here, STAT3 is linked to Sepsis.