IRS1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Mir29A has been reported to be a critical regulatory hub in T2DM and its upregulation inhibits the insulin signal by targeting PIK3R1 and IRS1, resulting in uncontrolled gluconeogenesis and PCK1 upregulation (Pandey et al., 2011; Kurtz et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2014; Dooley et al., 2016).