In macrophages TRPV1 inhibits M1 polarization via Ca2+/CaMKII/Nrf2 signalling pathway (Lv et al., 2021) and influences cytokine production in models of osteoarthritis, sepsis (Ninomiya et al., 2017), inflammatory tissue fibrosis (Okada et al., 2011) and viral infection (Sanjai Kumar et al., 2021). Here, TRPV1 is linked to osteoarthritis.