INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: It has been reported that exercise can upregulate PPARα and PGC-1α expressions in skeletal muscle, and the synergy of the two come to increase the mitochondrial content and function in skeletal muscle, which is conducive to enhancing insulin sensitivity and reversing the adverse effects of IR and T2DM in skeletal muscle physiology (Bajpeyi et al., 2017).