Many preclinical studies have explored the inhibition of IL-1 signaling in the context of cigarette smoke exposure and COPD models, where inhibition/deletion of IL-1α or its receptor led to reduced pulmonary neutrophilia and cytokine secretion (Botelho et al., 2011; Morissette et al., 2015; Milad et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.