TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: Che et al. (2015) found that AS-IV regulated the activity of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibited TGF-β1-induced proliferation, trans-differentiation and ECM formation of fibroblasts. AM can inhibit renal interstitial fibrosis in vivo, which may be related to inhibiting myofibroblast activation, inducing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression, and inhibiting TGF-β1 expression (Zuo et al., 2009). AS-IV alleviates the progression of renal fibrosis by inhibiting the MAPK and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways (Wang et al., 2014).