INS and Insulin resistance: Assessing glycemic (biochemical) parameters included evaluation of fasting plasma glucose or fasting blood sugar (FPG or FBS) concentrations, serum insulin levels (INS), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), homoeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity (measured by ISI-M), fasting insulin levels (FIL), homoeostatic model assessment for β cell function (HOMA-B), quantitative insulin sensitivity checks index (QUICKI), C-peptide, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels.