BRCA1 and neoplasm: Other immune evasion mechanisms included the upregulation of immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) an inducer of tumour angiogenesis, commonly seen in BRCA1/2-mutant HGSOC (Ruscito et al., 2018; Bruand et al., 2021).