These speculations require further investigation by determining levels of AhR ligands, UroA intermediate metabolites and CYP1A1 downstream signaling cascading including post-translational modifications etc. Further, testing the effects of UroA in CYP1A1-overexpressing mice (R26CYP1A1) (23) will define the role of CYP1A1 in UroA metabolism and its impact on beneficial effects in mitigating colitis or other inflammatory disorders. The gene discussed is CYP1A1; the disease is colitis.