AHR and colitis: These speculations require further investigation by determining levels of AhR ligands, UroA intermediate metabolites and CYP1A1 downstream signaling cascading including post-translational modifications etc. Further, testing the effects of UroA in CYP1A1-overexpressing mice (R26CYP1A1) (23) will define the role of CYP1A1 in UroA metabolism and its impact on beneficial effects in mitigating colitis or other inflammatory disorders.